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24. August 2010>Karl Helmut E. Zermin: NASA Images Show Anatomy of Pakistan Flood Disaste…
24. August 2010>Karl Helmut E. Zermin: NASA Images Show Anatomy of Pakistan Flood Disaste…: „NASA Images Show Anatomy of Pakistan Flood Disaster NASA Images Show Anatomy of Pakistan Flood Disaster08.20.10
NASA Images Show Anatomy of Pakistan Flood Disaster
24. August 2010NASA Images Show Anatomy of Pakistan Flood Disaster
08.20.10
ASTER image from Aug. 18, 2010, shows the extent of flooding in and around the city of Sukkur in Pakistan’s Sindh Province. The Indus River, Pakistan’s longest, snakes vertically through the image. Image credit: NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team› Full image and caption
NASA’s CloudSat captured the early genesis of the Pakistan flooding on July 28, 2010. Image credit: NASA/JPL-The Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University
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This image pair shows perspective views of the flooding in Pakistan, taken approximately one year apart by the MISR instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft. Image credit: NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team
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AIRS false-color before and after images of the flooding in southern Pakistan and Sindh Province, taken July 9, 2010 (left), and Aug. 10, 2010 (right). Image credit: NASA/JPL
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Surface emission data from AMSU, part of the AIRS instrument suite aboard NASA’s Aqua spacecraft, are used to estimate how much of the land surface has been flooded in Pakistan. Image credit: NASA/JPL
› Full image and caption
In late July 2010, flooding caused by heavy monsoon rains began across several regions of Pakistan. According to the Associated Press, the floods have affected about one-fifth of this country of more than 170 million. Tens of thousands of villages have been flooded, more than 1,500 people have been killed, and millions have been left homeless. The floodwaters are not expected to recede fully before late August.
NASA’s CloudSat satellite captured the genesis of the flooding event as it flew over the region on July 28, 2010. At that time, a large area of intense thunderstorms covered much of Pakistan. Between July 28 and 29, up to 400 millimeters (16 inches) of rain fell from these storm cells, triggering flooding along the Indus and Kabul Rivers. Storms with similar structures to this one have become common this summer as tropical monsoon moisture, coupled with a strengthening La Nina (which has different effects around the world), dominate this region’s weather patterns.
The top portion of the second image, from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on NASA’s Aqua spacecraft, reveals the bright white cloud tops of the cluster of thunderstorms. The blue vertical line shows CloudSat’s path at the time the MODIS image was acquired. CloudSat’s path cut through a large thunderstorm cell in the northern section of the country.
The Cloudsat data are shown in the bottom portion of the first image. As seen in the top half of the bottom image, CloudSat classified the majority of the clouds present at the time as deep convective (cumulonimbus) clouds, typical of thunderstorms. The bottom half of the lower image shows the 3-D vertical structure of the storm along the satellite’s flight path, revealing its heavy precipitation. CloudSat measured the cloud heights along the radar’s flight path at around 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) in the areas of deepest convection.
The next pair of images was taken by the vertical-viewing camera on the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) instrument aboard NASA’s Terra spacecraft. The image on the left was taken Aug. 8, 2009, while the one on the right is from Aug. 11, 2010. These false-color views display the instrument’s near-infrared, red and green bands as shades of red, green and blue. The colors distinctly highlight the contrast between water and vegetation on the river banks, since vegetation appears bright in the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The region of southern Pakistan shown here includes the Sindh Province. The Indus River, Pakistan’s longest, can be seen snaking across the image from lower left to upper right. The feature near the bottom and left of center is Manchhar Lake. Water appears as shades of blue and cyan, though sediment content can add a tan color, as seen in the upper right. Clouds appear white. In the image from 2009, the Indus is typically about 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) wide. In contrast, in the 2010 image, the river is around 23 kilometers (14 miles) wide in spots, and flooding is very evident in much of the surrounding region, particularly in the Larkana District west of the river.
A different before-and-after perspective of the floods is provided by the next pair of false-color images, taken by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA’s Aqua spacecraft using its four visible and near-infrared channels. These images also show southern Pakistan and the Sindh Province. The Indus River appears to enter from the upper right and winds its way southwestward toward the lower left. The image at the left was taken before the flooding on July 9, 2010, while the right-hand image was taken on Aug. 10, 2010.
The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument on NASA’s Terra spacecraft provides the next image, a cloud-free view over the city of Sukkur, Pakistan, taken on Aug. 18, 2010. Sukkur, a city of a half million residents in southeastern Pakistan’s Sindh Province, is visible as the gray, urbanized area in the lower left center of the image. It lies along the Indus River, which snakes vertically from north to south through the image and forms the basis for the world’s largest canal-based irrigation system. As reported by the British Broadcasting Corporation, Sukkur is one of the few urban areas in the region that has so far escaped widespread destruction from the flooding, which has affected an estimated 4 million people in the province. Relief camps have sprung up across the city to house some of these displaced people. The land along the Indus River in this region is largely agricultural, and the flooding has taken a heavy toll on the region’s crops and fruit trees.
The final image was created with data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit instrument, which flies on NASA’s Aqua spacecraft as part of the AIRS instrument suite. It shows how surface emissivity-how efficiently Earth’s surface radiates heat-changed in the affected region over a 32-day period between July 11 and August 12. Surface emission, in this case in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, depends strongly on what type of surface is present. For dry land, surface emission is high-measuring close to 1 (land radiates heat very efficiently); while for water, it is quite low-measuring less than 0.5 (water tends to retain heat better than land). The image shows that the emission dropped over this time span by up to 0.4 in large areas surrounding the Indus River, indicating that these areas are almost completely underwater.
Scientists can use this technique to estimate how much of the land surface has been inundated. A significant advantage is that the technique works both day and night, and under both clear and cloudy conditions.
For more information about CloudSat, see: http://cloudsat.atmos.colostate.edu/ and http://www.nasa.gov/cloudsat . For more on MISR, visit: http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/ . For more on AIRS, see: http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov . For more information on ASTER, see: http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ .
Alan Buis 818-354-0474
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Alan.buis@jpl.nasa.gov
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Alan.buis@jpl.nasa.gov
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>Karl Helmut E. Zermin: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Hazards
24. August 2010>Karl Helmut E. Zermin: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Hazards: „NASA Earth Observatory: Natural Hazards HomeImage of the DayFeature ArticlesNewsNatural HazardsGlobal MapsBlogs Search …“
NASA Earth Observatory Natural Hazards
24. August 2010NASA Earth Observatory: Natural Hazards
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Forest fires burning in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, threatened air quality hundreds of kilometers away in mid-August 2010. This true-color image shows the smoke on the afternoon of August 19. The fires are marked with tiny red dots on the left side of the image. A plume of dense brown smoke extends from the fires in British Columbia, across Alberta and into Saskatchewan. A second, thinner plume flows south from Saskatchewan and into Manitoba, Ontario, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
On August 20, the Saskatchewan Health Ministry warned the public that the smoke would lower visibility and degrade air quality in parts of the province for a few days, reported the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News. Residents were advised to stay indoors while the heavy smoke was in the air.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite acquired this image in two consecutive overpasses on the afternoon of August 19.
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Reference
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News. (2010, August 20). Public warned as B.C. smoke rolls into Sask. Accessed August 20, 2010.
NASA Earth Observatory image created by Jesse Allen, using data provided courtesy of the MODIS Rapid Response team. Caption by Holli Riebeek.
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- Terra – MODIS
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Previous Image in this Event
August 13, 2010
Fires in British Columbia, Canada
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- the Earth Observatory is part of the EOS Project Science Office located at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Dispute before the start: Jewish settlements are a major point of contention between Israelis and Palestinians Fortune 500 Global
24. August 2010Dispute before the start: Jewish settlements are a major point of contention between Israelis and Palestinians
HB RAMALLAH / WASHINGTON . Although Israel and the Palestinian government said a participation to the meeting in early September in Washington.
However, negotiators Saeb Erekat threatened a breakdown of the talks , Israel should be self-imposed moratorium following the end of the housing in the West Bank to resume .
The temporary building freeze end on 26 September from . I
In Washington, to be resumed under the auspices of U.S. President Barack Obama’s direct talks between Israel and the Palestinians after nearly two years of break.
Currently, both sides negotiate indirectly via the U.S. envoy George Mitchell.
The Palestinians demand as a condition for the resumption of direct meeting a freeze of settlement activity .
Israel rejects conditions.
The Palestinians appealed on Friday made up the invitation text of the Quartet of U.S. , European Union , Russia and UN.
This refers to previous statements in which such a stop is also required. By contrast Israel spoke of a request from the U.S., the condition would not called.
Even Hillary Clinton had said at the formal announcement of the summit, that there were no conditions .
Originally, Abbas had also said before a meeting would have a clear agenda to be negotiated. Palestinian critics accused the president , therefore, to be articulated . „Now he has not yet, “ said political commentator Hani al – Masri told Reuters on the initial conditions. „It damages the credibility of the President and the leadership.“
The radical Islamic Hamas could however benefit from the situation. It holds the power in the Gaza Strip. Abbas has said that the international community has exerted massive pressure on him to take part in direct talks.
Chancellor Angela Merkel called on Israel and the Palestinians on Saturday to conclude the peace talks in the set time frame of one year.
Possible solutions to the key of the outstanding issues had been worked out in earlier negotiations , said the Chancellor Angela Merkel n Berlin.
It now applies to muster the political will and show the necessary willingness to compromise . This was also in the interest of stability throughout the region.
The negotiation of a two had been broken off in the penultimate year of the Palestinians after the start of the Israeli offensive in the Gaza Strip.
Tags: chancellor angela merkel, barack obama, angela merkel, israelis and palestinians, invitation text
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Monday, August 23rd, 2010 at 3:33 am
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